The following list includes the Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine since its inception in 1901.[
All Nobel Laureates in Medicine. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-27.]
| Year
| Name
| Nationality
| Citation
|
| 1901
| Emil Adolf von Behring
| Germany
| "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1902
| Ronald Ross
| United Kingdom
| "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1903
| Niels Ryberg Finsen
| Denmark
| "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1904
| Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
| Russia
| "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1905
| Robert Koch
| Germany
| "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1906
| Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
| Italy
Spain
| "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1907
| Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
| France
| "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1908
| Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Paul Ehrlich
| Russia
Germany
| "in recognition of their work on immunity"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1909
| Emil Theodor Kocher
| Switzerland
| "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1910
| Albrecht Kossel
| Germany
| "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1911
| Allvar Gullstrand
| Sweden
| "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1912
| Alexis Carrel
| France
| "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1913
| Charles Robert Richet
| France
| "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1914
| Robert Bárány
| Austria
| "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1915
| [No award]
|
|
| 1916
| [No award]
|
|
| 1917
| [No award]
|
|
| 1918
| [No award]
|
|
| 1919
| Jules Bordet
| Belgium
| "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1920
| Schack August Steenberg Krogh
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1921
| [No award]
|
|
| 1922
| Archibald Vivian Hill
| United Kingdom
| "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Otto Fritz Meyerhof
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1923
| Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard Macleod
| Canada
United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of insulin"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1924
| Willem Einthoven
| Netherlands
| "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1925
| [No award]
|
|
| 1926
| Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1927
| Julius Wagner-Jauregg
| Austria
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1928
| Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
| France
| "for his work on typhus"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1929
| Christiaan Eijkman
| Netherlands
| "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
| United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1930
| Karl Landsteiner
| Austria
| "for his discovery of human blood groups"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1931
| Otto Heinrich Warburg
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1932
| Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas Adrian
| United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1933
| Thomas Hunt Morgan
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1934
| George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry Murphy
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1935
| Hans Spemann
| Germany
| "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1936
| Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto Loewi
| United Kingdom;
Germany 1903: Austria 1946: United States
| "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1937
| Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt
| Hungary
| "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1938
| Corneille Jean François Heymans
| Belgium
| "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1939
| Gerhard Domagk
| Germany
| "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1940
| [No award]
|
|
| 1941
| [No award]
|
|
| 1942
| [No award]
|
|
| 1943
| Carl Peter Henrik Dam
| Denmark
| "for his discovery of vitamin K"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Edward Adelbert Doisy
| United States
| "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1944
| Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer Gasser
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1945
| Sir Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter Florey
| United Kingdom;
Germany United Kingdom;
Australia United Kingdom
| "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1946
| Hermann Joseph Muller
| United States
| "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1947
| Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
| Czechoslovakia United States;
Czechoslovakia United States
| "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Bernardo Alberto Houssay
| Argentina
| "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1948
| Paul Hermann Müller
| Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1949
| Walter Rudolf Hess
| Switzerland
| "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
| Portugal
| "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1950
| Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter Hench
| United States;
Poland Switzerland;
United States
| "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1951
| Max Theiler
| South Africa Switzerland
| "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1952
| Selman Abraham Waksman
| Russia, 1916: United States
| "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1953
| Hans Adolf Krebs
| West Germany United Kingdom
| "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Fritz Albert Lipmann
| West Germany United States
| "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1954
| John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman Robbins
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1955
| Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
| Sweden
| "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1956
| André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. Richards
| France, 1941: United States;
West Germany
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1957
| Daniel Bovet
| Switzerland Italy
| "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1958
| George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie Tatum
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Joshua Lederberg
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1959
| Severo Ochoa
Arthur Kornberg
| Spain United States;
United States
| "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1960
| Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar
| Australia United Kingdom;
Brazil United Kingdom
| "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1961
| Georg von Békésy
| Hungary
| "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1962
| Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
| United Kingdom;
United States;
New Zealand United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1963
| Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding Huxley
| Australia
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1964
| Konrad Bloch
Feodor Lynen
| West Germany United States;
West Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1965
| François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques Monod
| France
France
France
| "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1966
| Peyton Rous
| United States
| "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Charles B. Huggins
| Canada United States
| "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1967
| Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George Wald
| Finland 1940: Sweden;
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1968
| Robert W. Holley
Har Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
| United States;
India 1966: United States;
United States
| "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1969
| Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. Luria
| West Germany United States;
United States;
Italy
| "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1970
| Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius Axelrod
| West Germany 1941: United Kingdom;
Sweden
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1971
| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1972
| Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. Porter
| United States
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1973
| Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen
| Austria
Austria
Netherlands
| "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1974
| Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. Palade
| Belgium;
Belgium;
Romania 1952: United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1975
| David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin
| United States;
Italy United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1976
| Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1977
| Roger Guillemin
Andrew Viktor Schally
| France 1965: United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| Rosalyn Yalow
| United States
| "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1978
| Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith
| Switzerland
United States
United States
| "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1979
| Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
| South Africa 1966: United States;
United Kingdom
| "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1980
| Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. Snell
| Venezuela 1943: United States;
France;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1981
| Roger W. Sperry
| United States
| "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
David H. Hubel
Torsten N. Wiesel
| United States
Sweden
| "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1982
| Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane
| Sweden
Sweden
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1983
| Barbara McClintock
| United States
| "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1984
| Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César Milstein
| Denmark;
West Germany;
Argentina United Kingdom
| "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1985
| Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1986
| Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-Montalcini
| United States;
Italy United States
| "for their discoveries of growth factors"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1987
| Susumu Tonegawa
| Japan
| "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1988
| Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings
| United Kingdom
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1989
| J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1990
| Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1991
| Erwin Neher
Bert Sakmann
| Germany
Germany
| "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1992
| Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs
| Switzerland United States;
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1993
| Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp
| United Kingdom
United States
| "for their discoveries of split genes"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1994
| Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1995
| Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus
| United States
Germany
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1996
| Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
| Australia
Switzerland
| "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1997
| Stanley B. Prusiner
| United States
| "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1998
| Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad
| United States
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 1999
| Günter Blobel
| Germany 1987: United States
| "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2000
| Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel
| Sweden
United States
United States
| "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2001
| Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse
| United States
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2002
| Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston
| South Africa United Kingdom 2003: Singapore[
]Sydney Brenner, PhD: Biography. 2005 IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. (honorary);
United States;
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning \'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death\'"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2003
| Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield
| United States
United Kingdom
| "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2004
| Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck
| United States
United States
| "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2005
| Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin Warren
| Australia
Australia
| "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2006
| Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
| United States
United States
| "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
|
| 2007
| Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies
| Italy United States;
United Kingdom;
United Kingdom United States
| "for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[
]The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
|
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